tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55589271178466238292024-03-23T15:43:32.245+05:30Tissue Culture BananaTissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.comBlogger58125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-15036498369842434612014-12-31T22:11:00.000+05:302015-01-02T20:25:53.542+05:30Banana bunch bursting out (emerging out) sideways through pseudostem:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;">A peculiar phenomenon of Banana bunch bursting out <br />(emerging out) sideways through pseudostem:</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">There are many theories explaining the reason for the</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="color: #274e13;">‘Banana bunch bursting out (emerging) sideways through pseudostem’<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">instead of </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">emerging normally through the top of it. Some of them are discussed here :</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lA5PlbEHAP4/VKQcPfVnvJI/AAAAAAAABoM/k9_20vFSwHk/s1600/Bunch%2BSide%2BEmergence%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WCld87M-mvs/VKQbz7bZrgI/AAAAAAAABoE/OcuCqM8KEug/s1600/Bunch%2BSide%2BEmergence%2B1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WCld87M-mvs/VKQbz7bZrgI/AAAAAAAABoE/OcuCqM8KEug/s1600/Bunch%2BSide%2BEmergence%2B1.jpg" height="400" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Banana Bunch side emergence</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory 1:</span></i></b></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">During low winter
temperature there is reduction in the length of leaf inter-node as well as
reduced elongation of bunch stem.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
physiological feature causes a constriction at the throat of the plant for the
bunch to emerge through the throat. Subsequently the bunch bursts out through
the pseudostem.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sometimes, the top hands got trapped in the throat of the
pseudostem giving it a '<span style="color: #660000;"><b>Choked throat' </b><span style="color: black;">appearance. (Distal part of bunch comes out and the basal part gets stuck up at the throat)</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lA5PlbEHAP4/VKQcPfVnvJI/AAAAAAAABoM/k9_20vFSwHk/s1600/Bunch%2BSide%2BEmergence%2B2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lA5PlbEHAP4/VKQcPfVnvJI/AAAAAAAABoM/k9_20vFSwHk/s1600/Bunch%2BSide%2BEmergence%2B2.jpg" height="400" width="202" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Banana Bunch bursts out of pseudostem</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></i></b><br />
<b><i><u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></i></b></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory 2</span></i></b></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;">: </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water stress.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory 3</span></i></b></span><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></i></b></span></span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Virus infection.</span></li>
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<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory 4</span></i></b></span></span><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><span style="color: #20124d;">:</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If the<b><i> </i></b>Pseudostem
weevil attacks the plant during the advanced<i> </i>pre-flowering stage<i>, </i>the
ascending flower bud and peduncles are destroyed resulting in non emergence of
the flower bud resulting in choked throat appearance and subsequent emergence
of bunch sideways by breaking of Pseudostem.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="color: #20124d;"><span style="background-color: #d9d2e9;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory 5</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> Though there are some proponents that this phenomenon is due to </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macro
or Micronutrient deficiency, </span>i</span>t was never proved. </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><b><span style="color: #274e13;">Note:</span></b></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. The emerged bunch will be smaller in size with few hands and immature fingers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Even in extreme cases this phenomenon is observed in only 0.25 to 0.5% of the total plants in the affected field.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span></b></span></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-74219048100264374332014-12-20T00:46:00.000+05:302014-12-22T18:44:54.679+05:30How to select good quality Tissue Culture Plants and the supplying Biotech company ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Selection of Plant Tissue Culture Biotech Company and the ways to purchase good quality Tissue Culture Banana Plants from them:</span></span></b></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qrkd6XV6A4k/VIh9MH1Ko0I/AAAAAAAABKA/7nmLPgG36-0/s1600/Tissue%2Bculture%2BPlant%2BGrowth%2BRoom%2B(PGR).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qrkd6XV6A4k/VIh9MH1Ko0I/AAAAAAAABKA/7nmLPgG36-0/s1600/Tissue%2Bculture%2BPlant%2BGrowth%2BRoom%2B%28PGR%29.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">A Plant Growth Room (PGR) in a Tissue culture Lab</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wSX4gkOqwzw/VJROy8MBFPI/AAAAAAAABPw/pDuGX9W7Fuw/s1600/DBT%2Bcertificate%2Bblank.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wSX4gkOqwzw/VJROy8MBFPI/AAAAAAAABPw/pDuGX9W7Fuw/s1600/DBT%2Bcertificate%2Bblank.JPG" height="320" width="218" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>A model DBT Certificate (Blank)</b></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Always procure plants from biotech companies having
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b>'</b><b>DBT'</b></span> <b>(Department of Biotechnology)</b> <b>certificate </b>and those who maintain consistency
in plant quality and a good brand image. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Never purchase from brokers, dealers and agents who
may issue their own Invoice instead of Invoice from Biotech Company which
supplies the plants.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sales Invoice is one of the main proof of purchase.
It should bear details of variety of the plant
(say ‘Grande Naine’, ‘Red Banana’), date of purchase, date of delivery and
the quantity in numbers clearly without any ambiguity. Don't accept
Delivery Challans in lieu of Sales Invoice.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Get receipt for the payment made for the purchase. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The buyer has to visit the supplier’s nursery for on
the spot assessment of quality of plants to his satisfaction before asking
them to deliver the plants to his farm site. </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T<span style="color: black;">he selected secondary
hardened plants should be well hardened for a min of 45 days, about 30 cm
tall, 5 cm girth (girth of our index finger) with at least 5 to 6
fully opened healthy leaves.</span></span> </li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gKyFPaKY5s8/VJRSdJHUCgI/AAAAAAAABP8/_JFFY-lUB-Q/s1600/An%2Bideal%2BTC%2Bplant.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gKyFPaKY5s8/VJRSdJHUCgI/AAAAAAAABP8/_JFFY-lUB-Q/s1600/An%2Bideal%2BTC%2Bplant.jpg" height="320" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An ideal Tissue Culture Banana </span></span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">At the nursery, insist the supplier to grade plants
in your presence from the fresh nursery bed where no grading was done previously
and if necessary pay them extra for this additional grading work. Some
nurseries maintain separate beds for 'A', 'B' and 'C' grade plants
discreetly. Make sure you are getting 'A' or a mixture of A and B grade
plants only that will definitely perform well. Though this method of
selection is not possible with bigger companies at least pay a visit to
their nursery once. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L7VxBNhjZiw/VJRWqwrBkJI/AAAAAAAABQI/Lcua-GDGjtE/s1600/Secondary%2BHardening%2BCentre.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L7VxBNhjZiw/VJRWqwrBkJI/AAAAAAAABQI/Lcua-GDGjtE/s1600/Secondary%2BHardening%2BCentre.jpg" height="295" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A banana Secondary Hardening Centre</span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"></ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">At the nursery, avoid selecting plants from beds which were previously infected by Erwinia or Nematode and subsequently recovered.</span> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Identification of </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Tissue Culture Off type banana plants</b></span></span></span>: </b></span></span>The supplier has to segregate <span style="color: #990000;"><b>‘Off
type plants’</b></span> which appears varying from normal plants at all stages of
development i.e., both primary and secondary hardening stages and also
during selection of plants for despatch to farmers. If the screening is not effective at the nursery, some of the 'Off-type' plants will find their way to the field along with normal plants. In Tissue Culture trade and Biotechnology norms about 1 to 2% 'Off-types' in a banana field is considered as normal. Performance of these off type plants are observed as:(1) inherently weak (2) unacceptable percentage of survival and sometimes death of plants (3) poor bunch with no economic value (4) mostly without fruiting ....Etc., At best, they could be considered as ornamental plants. So, most effective
screening is needed to weed out the following Off type plants:</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Avoid 'Tall plants'.</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Avoid Plants with variegated
leaves.</span></b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Avoid Plants with mosaic leaves.</span></b></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Plants with high
pigmentation in leaves.</span></b></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Plants with deformed
lamina.</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rqrF0JcOifI/VJbtHXMaQvI/AAAAAAAABVM/PJwwlV4Wil4/s1600/Off%2Btype%2Bplants%2B-%2BTC%2Bbanana%2B1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rqrF0JcOifI/VJbtHXMaQvI/AAAAAAAABVM/PJwwlV4Wil4/s1600/Off%2Btype%2Bplants%2B-%2BTC%2Bbanana%2B1.JPG" height="298" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Tissue Culture Off type banana plants</b></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></b></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6FLX8XlcOk/VJbtHao5AtI/AAAAAAAABVQ/OK5nN4mYbhs/s1600/Off%2Btype%2Bplants%2B-%2BTC%2Bbanana%2B2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6FLX8XlcOk/VJbtHao5AtI/AAAAAAAABVQ/OK5nN4mYbhs/s1600/Off%2Btype%2Bplants%2B-%2BTC%2Bbanana%2B2.JPG" height="297" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Tissue Culture Off type banana plants</b></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></b></span></div>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Avoid <span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dwarf plants:</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></b></span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zFThcdderDY/VJRj9E1E2iI/AAAAAAAABQ4/xCkUuL9LJ3g/s1600/Dwarf%2Bplants%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zFThcdderDY/VJRj9E1E2iI/AAAAAAAABQ4/xCkUuL9LJ3g/s1600/Dwarf%2Bplants%2B1.JPG" height="292" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></b></span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Avoid ‘Overage’ plants:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> </b></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MaEfgSGhdYs/VJRaudUcLDI/AAAAAAAABQU/_K8m4VB9MDM/s1600/Over%2Bage%2Bplants.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MaEfgSGhdYs/VJRaudUcLDI/AAAAAAAABQU/_K8m4VB9MDM/s1600/Over%2Bage%2Bplants.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tissue Culture Banana - Overage plants </span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Avoid ‘Virus infected’ plants.</span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Avoid plants with Micronutrient deficiency:</span></b></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NZVGmRafSFE/TgtRPyEoweI/AAAAAAAAAME/44l79fpUQbg/s1600/Mg%2Bdeficiency.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NZVGmRafSFE/TgtRPyEoweI/AAAAAAAAAME/44l79fpUQbg/s1600/Mg%2Bdeficiency.bmp" height="237" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Various types of nursery Pots, Bags and Trays:</b></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"></ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>a) Secondary Hardening Tray</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b> or 8 Cavity Pro-tray </b></span></span></span>: </b></span> </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tissue Culture Banana plants are nowadays raised in plastic trays (Made
from Polystyrene (HIPS) in thermo-forming machines) during secondary
hardening stage. </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--ezanluob5s/VJRkvbaA-pI/AAAAAAAABRA/9QuZ1hDzsoo/s1600/Plants%2Bin%2BJain%2BTray.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--ezanluob5s/VJRkvbaA-pI/AAAAAAAABRA/9QuZ1hDzsoo/s1600/Plants%2Bin%2BJain%2BTray.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plants in </span></b></span><span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Secondary hardening Tray </span></b></span></span></b></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Pjd1lAjp1HE/VJgVdmhQ6fI/AAAAAAAABVs/VSS3FAm9TuI/s1600/8%2Bcavity%2BSecondar%2BHardening%2BTray.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Pjd1lAjp1HE/VJgVdmhQ6fI/AAAAAAAABVs/VSS3FAm9TuI/s1600/8%2Bcavity%2BSecondar%2BHardening%2BTray.JPG" height="232" width="320" /></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">M/s.Jain irrigations Ltd., is the pioneer in this technology and
started supplying banana plants to farmers in these ‘TC Banana hardening
trays’ on large scale from the year 2012. Merits of using the trays are
ease of handling, faster loading and unloading of plants and most of all
low cost when compared to poly bags. </span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TC plants supplied to the farmers
through these 8 cavity pro-trays (Size of a TC Banana hardening tray 32cm x
16cm, Cavity top 6.5cm x 6.5cm, Cavity bottom 5cm x 5cm, Depth 10 cm and
with a excess water draining hole at the bottom) are initially not
received well because the volume of growth media is less when compared to
Poly bags hitherto supplied to them, resulting in heavy mortality in the
field especially during summer months due to transplant shock. No
complaints were received from the farmers during other seasons.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>b) Secondary Hardening in Jiffy pots or bags: </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #990000;"></span></span></span>Some
companies are supplying Tissue Culture Banana Plants in ‘Jiffy
pots/bags’. For more details about ‘Jiffy bags’ click this link: <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/11/tissue-culture-banana-plants-in-jiffy_27.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Plants in Jiffy Bags</span></a>.</span></span> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iTdFB0cbBAQ/TaXPWqNezyI/AAAAAAAAAG0/jUXZjzuaTso/s1600/IMG_0615.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iTdFB0cbBAQ/TaXPWqNezyI/AAAAAAAAAG0/jUXZjzuaTso/s1600/IMG_0615.JPG" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">Banana Plant in Jiffy bag with well formed root system</span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pdifGwxv9N0/VJgWkif4g2I/AAAAAAAABV4/d9onjdWX6Yk/s1600/Jiffy%2Bin%2Btray%2B1%2Bsmall.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pdifGwxv9N0/VJgWkif4g2I/AAAAAAAABV4/d9onjdWX6Yk/s1600/Jiffy%2Bin%2Btray%2B1%2Bsmall.JPG" height="96" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #660000;">Tray holding Banana Plants in Jiffy bags </span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">First 3 months from the date of
planting is a very crucial development period for the plant. Make sure
that any technical person from the company visits your field at least two to
three times during that period and obtain ‘Field Visit Report’ or ‘Plant
care recommendations note’ from him for your records. If possible maintain ‘Farming
record’ and photographs of fields in all stages of plant development.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Do not blame the supplier about quality
of the plant after planting Banana in poor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unfertile soils and without
following any recommended cultivation practices. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It is not advisable to store the
purchased plant without planting for more than 3 or 4 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the planting gets postponed for more
than a week due to any unavoidable circumstances, follow the maintenance
schedule given here under:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Immediately on receipt of
the plants apply 10 gram of Carbofuron 3G in the polythene bag and </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">drench
the plant</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> with ‘</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">All 19’ water
soluble foliar grade fertilizer 50 gm in 10 litres of water (Polyfeed) as
foliar application. The same application without Carbofuran 3G can be
repeated on every 3rd day. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pply
100 ml of the following solution at the root zone : MAP 1 kg + Humic Acid
500 ml dissolved in 100 litres of water.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Three days
before planting, apply 100 ml of the following preparation </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">as drench
into the polythene bags to wet the entire </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">root
zone:</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> <br />
</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mix 250 gm of Fytolan (Blue copper, COC, Copper Oxy-Chloride)
+ Streptomycin with Tetracycline ( Streptomil, Crocin ) which is
available in 6gm pocket in the market, total 36 gm i.e 3 pockets + 100
litres of water. This application prevents Erwinia and root rot.</span><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards,</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>A.Vishnu Sankar</b></span> </span></div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-70549620814730201372014-12-13T00:09:00.000+05:302014-12-29T08:24:54.530+05:30Banana Bunch Care and methods to maximize Bunch size<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="separator" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; line-height: 150%;">Banana Bunch Care and some proven procedures </span></b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="separator" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; line-height: 150%;">to maximize the Bunch size:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<u><span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To
attain maximum yield in Banana cultivation, follow the latest cultivation practices give here:</span></b></span></u></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-byLrzjLZWF4/VInT7R6RhPI/AAAAAAAABKg/P-h-1MwwVO4/s1600/DBT%2Bcertificate%2Bblank.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-byLrzjLZWF4/VInT7R6RhPI/AAAAAAAABKg/P-h-1MwwVO4/s1600/DBT%2Bcertificate%2Bblank.JPG" height="200" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A model of 'DBT' certificate</td></tr>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prefer Tissue culture banana plants from
<b><span style="color: #660000;">'DBT' </span></b>(Department of Biotechnology) certified biotech companies.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Avoid cultivating banana in problematic soils
like ‘Acidic’, ‘Alkaline’ and ‘Saline’ soils.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensure irrigation water quality and avoid
water with EC of >1.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Give priority to good water management
(To avoid water Stress, go for Drip irrigation system).</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adhere to a strict Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM covers NPK, Macro and Micro-nutrients) schedule as given in the following links:<a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/05/fertigation-schedule-for-banana.html" target="_blank"> <span style="color: blue;"><b>Fertigation schedule for banana</b></span></a><u><b> </b></u>and <span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/09/fertilizer-target-chart-for-banana_26.html" target="_blank">Fertilizer target chart for banana</a></b></span> (along with the comments section in both the posts).</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Follow good Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) practices.</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Follow good Integrated Disease Management
(IDM) practices.</span></li>
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<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Strictly follow
all the <span style="color: #660000;">'Bunch care techniques'</span> explained here to maximize bunch size. Always
bear in mind that the price of Banana is NOT directly in proportionate to the
quality of produce. In the trading of banana, fruit quality is valued more in fixing the
price. So, strive to achieve the best in quality. </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><u>Details of Banana Bunch care & methods
to enhance the bunch size:</u></span></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Bell</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> injection - Injection on inflorescence bud to control sucking insect pests infesting on developing fingers:</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bell Injection is given when the emerging inflorescence (Flower) bud is in <u><b>upright position</b></u>. It gives complete protection from pests that damage the developing bunch as the bell emerges.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The injection should be given at 1 / 4th place from top of the bud.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To prevent clogging of the needle, first make a hole at the desired point with a small needle and then use the syringe. </span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Po4M3oc3F0/VIsRJppoI8I/AAAAAAAABNs/lGDmaVbbYGA/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Po4M3oc3F0/VIsRJppoI8I/AAAAAAAABNs/lGDmaVbbYGA/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B4.jpg" height="159" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prepare a solution of<b><i> Imidacloprid 17.8 EC </i></b>(Brand:
Confidor) @ 0.2 ml in 1 litre of water and take 2 ml solution in a
disposable Insulin syringe. Inject the entire 2 ml in the bud in a 30
degree angle. </span></div>
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(OR)</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prepare a solution of 0.1% (One ml in 1 litre of water) of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><i>Imidacloprid 17.8 EC </i></b>(Brand: Confidor) and pump a full single dose of 40 ml of the solution into the flower bud </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">thereby fully drenching the </span></span>bud using <b>"Banana Bell Injector pump". </b></span> </span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GGPUZFVwq0A/VIqniuiEWOI/AAAAAAAABNQ/g5i_D1-0Jbs/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B3.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GGPUZFVwq0A/VIqniuiEWOI/AAAAAAAABNQ/g5i_D1-0Jbs/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B3.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: #660000;">Pictures courtesy</span>: <a href="http://treeinjectors.com/blog/banana-backpack-spear-injector/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://treeinjectors.com/</span> </a><span style="color: black;">and </span> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.saspl.com.au/product/banana-bell-injection-poster-2/">http://www.saspl.com.au/product/banana-bell-injection-poster-2/</a></b></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Banana Deflowering:</span></b></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0a-GfM2I4zI/VInZxSlUufI/AAAAAAAABK4/bOHVQ4j4TD8/s1600/Deflowering%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0a-GfM2I4zI/VInZxSlUufI/AAAAAAAABK4/bOHVQ4j4TD8/s1600/Deflowering%2B2.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Banana Deflowering</span></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Placing perforated sheet as cushion between separated hands:</span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Placing perforated sheets between hands</span></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. De-navelling (Removal of male floral bud):</span></b></span></span> </div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It helps in fruit development and increase of bunch weight. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The male flower bud should be removed one month after emergence of the last hand. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">By this removal of unwanted male flower bud, which is prone to infections, incidence of pest and disease attack on bunch can be minimized. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In some parts of Tamilnadu, farmers leave them as such up to the time of harvest, resulting in elongation of stem with the male flower bud up to the ground.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Covering the peduncle (Peduncle wrapping) to protect it from sunburn or scorching:</span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eVH8x5tQRLY/VJagYL6jMSI/AAAAAAAABU8/NHQl1oErsAg/s1600/Boot%2Bleaf%2B1.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eVH8x5tQRLY/VJagYL6jMSI/AAAAAAAABU8/NHQl1oErsAg/s1600/Boot%2Bleaf%2B1.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Flag leaf / Boot leaf - Nature's umbrella Gift.</span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A 'Boot leaf / Flag leaf ' emerges from the plant just before the bunch emergence and its main purpose is to protect the top curved part of the peduncle and upper portion of the bunch from sunburn or scorching. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If this natural protection gets damaged due to wind or pest attack, the upper exposed part of peduncle will get sun burned (Sun scorched). </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This subsequently leads to rotting of peduncle due to secondary infection of <i>'Colletotrichum fungus</i>'. Incidence of sun scorching will be severe if bunch emergence coincides with hot summer months. Since nutrient and water flow from the main stem to bunch gets arrested, immature ripening will occur resulting in very poor bunch development and ultimately breaking of the peduncle along with the bunch.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Remedial measures:</b> </span></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To prevent sunburn and the resultant fungal infections, the peduncle exposed to scorching sun should be wrapped with the flag leaf and other banana leaf trashes.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If the sun scorching happens before initiating any protective measure, apply a thick solution of 2% COC (Fytolan or Blue Copper) on the affected area using a wall painting brush and cover the affected portion using banana trash leaves. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Effects
of covering Banana bunch (Skirting) with polythene Bunch covers / sleeves or Non-woven skirting bags :</span></b></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_-uBBTJcdk/VIngFumLe6I/AAAAAAAABLI/RSdM0IlXDCk/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving%2B6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_-uBBTJcdk/VIngFumLe6I/AAAAAAAABLI/RSdM0IlXDCk/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving%2B6.JPG" height="320" width="216" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Usage of Banana bunch cover </span></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bunches are covered with 6% ventilated Polythene covers / sleeves of size 200cm Length x 150cm width x 175 gauge thick. </span></span></li>
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</span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Use opaque polythene covers / sleeves if bunch development is during winter and paper bags can also be used to avoid chilling injury at frost conditions. </span></span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Use blue color bunch cover / sleeves during summer to avoid sun scorch.</span></span></li>
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</span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do it within 15 days of last hand opening.</span></span></li>
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</span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The bunch is free from insect bites, fungi, bacteria attacks and physical injuries.</span></span></li>
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</span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Improved bunch appeal. </span></span></li>
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</span></span>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Maturity of bunch will be advanced by 7 to 10 days.</span></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwVtzQJXhHc/VIqZW7lKbrI/AAAAAAAABMk/HajBwjVWQ2U/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwVtzQJXhHc/VIqZW7lKbrI/AAAAAAAABMk/HajBwjVWQ2U/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Placing inserts and skirting the bunch </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">with covers / sleeve</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2sGRq8spbRs/VIqazO1ISDI/AAAAAAAABMw/VUcZz6VSxyY/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving%2B7.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2sGRq8spbRs/VIqazO1ISDI/AAAAAAAABMw/VUcZz6VSxyY/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving%2B7.JPG" height="199" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Using blue color bunch covers / sleeves </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">during summer to avoid sun scorch.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SjJO-Jo39hc/VIqeibZd82I/AAAAAAAABM8/qZ2liu3z5eQ/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving%2B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SjJO-Jo39hc/VIqeibZd82I/AAAAAAAABM8/qZ2liu3z5eQ/s1600/Bunch%2Bsleeving%2B4.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Using Bunch cover made of paper </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">to prevent chilling injury at frost conditions</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qzFZrV0m2XM/VInnlEffHWI/AAAAAAAABLs/IgtxaCRL0-c/s1600/Finger%2BThinning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. At the banana bunch development stage the
following fertilizers are normally recommended to enhance the size of fruits /
bunch:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Option 1:</b></span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application of 2% (20gm / 1litre) Potassium sulphate
(0:0:50) as foliar spray on bunches, two times with 15 days interval. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(OR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Option 2:</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application of 1% (10gm / 1litre) Potassium
nitrate (13:0:45) as foliar spray on bunches, two times with 15 days
interval.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(OR)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Option 3 (Considered as best since it addresses all nutritional deficiencies): </span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application of 0.5% (5gm / 1litre) Potassium
nitrate (13:0:45) + 0.5% (5gm / 1litre) of foliar grade Micro nutrient
mixture as foliar spray on bunches as first spray followed by a second
application of 2% (20gm / 1litre) of Potassium sulphate (0:0:50) + Biozyme 2ml
/ 1litre after 15 days. Repeat the second one again as III application after 15 days interval<b>.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Important Note 1:</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In all the above applications you can also add 0.2%
Bavistin (Fungicide) for prophylactic control of fungal infections. Use wetting agents also. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Important Note 2:</span></b></span></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #660000;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nowadays farmers
are going for a minimum of four applications within a period of 60 days (4
sprays with 15 days interval between each spray) and are getting very good
results. </span></b></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt;">Precautions:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Care should
be taken to spray the above fertilizers only after all the hands are
fully opened and after sufficient extension of male flower bud in the
rachis. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Do not apply
any fertilizers or pesticides 15 days before harvest since there is a
possibility of the unabsorbed chemical residues entering human food chain.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application
of excess dosage of fertilizers, Enzymatic and synthetic Growth promoters
and plant protection chemicals on bunches are to be strictly avoided. See the <span style="color: blue;">link</span>:<b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/09/effect-of-excessive-dose-of-mkp-and.html" target="_blank">Effect of overdose</a>.</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Option 4: </span></b></span><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Enhancing banana bunch yield through feeding N and K through distal end of rachis: </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><b>For detailed procedure click this</b> <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/11/enhancing-bunch-size-of-banana-through.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Link</b></span></a>.</span></span><br />
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">There is considerable increase in
bunch size in ‘Robusta’ and ‘Grande naine’ banana, when feeding the
following mixture through the distal end of rachis soon after fruit set. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Preparing the nutrient mixture:</span></i></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Ammonium Sulphate - 15gm</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sulphate of potash (SOP) - 7.5gm</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Fresh cow dung - 500gm blended in 100 ml of water.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">(Cow urine can also be used instead of
water. 500 gm of fresh cow dung contains substantial amounts of about
5.5gm of N, 3.5gm of K 1.6 gm of S besides other minerals and
bio-chemicals).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Method of application:</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Select
bunches where the fruit set is complete and about 10 – 15 cm long
rachis is available after the last hand. Avoid bunches where fruit set
is incomplete or during partial deflowering time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Remove male flower bud close to the rachis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Take the already prepared nutrient slurry in a used milk bag.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Insert the slurry filled bag into the de-navelled stalk end of the bunch and tie it with a strong string. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-raYCSVmlylk/TrpBQE5UkiI/AAAAAAAAARE/chXqSl6lHaQ/s1600/Bunch%2Bcare%2B4%2B.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-raYCSVmlylk/TrpBQE5UkiI/AAAAAAAAARE/chXqSl6lHaQ/s1600/Bunch%2Bcare%2B4%2B.bmp" height="472" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Benefits:</span></i></b>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bunch
weight increased by 67% over control in which male flower bud was
retained till harvest. In the field demonstrations, a response of 22 %
to 28% increase in bunch weight was evident. Using ‘N-isotope label the
movement of 51% of N into the bunch from AmSo<sub>4</sub> was confirmed.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tXrCorbIJ5o/TwchL7-Al2I/AAAAAAAAAVc/l7Qny8AJq0U/s1600/Bunch%2Bcare%2B8%2B.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tXrCorbIJ5o/TwchL7-Al2I/AAAAAAAAAVc/l7Qny8AJq0U/s1600/Bunch%2Bcare%2B8%2B.bmp" height="470" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;">(Courtasy: ICAR News, Research update, Success story, April – June 2007).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">For
EXPORT of banana fruits, buyers normally insist on the following practices also
in addition to the ones described above: </span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b>8. Size of fruit preferred for export:</b></span></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TvW08MfX6yQ/VInm2i0T2tI/AAAAAAAABLk/Lz0spIQr9Tg/s1600/Preferred%2Bsize%2Bof%2Bbanana%2Bfor%2Bexport.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TvW08MfX6yQ/VInm2i0T2tI/AAAAAAAABLk/Lz0spIQr9Tg/s1600/Preferred%2Bsize%2Bof%2Bbanana%2Bfor%2Bexport.JPG" height="320" width="192" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">41mm fruit measuring tool kit</span></b> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Exporters won’t prefer fully developed bunches that
are ready for harvest. A bunch with a middle fruit in It’s 2nd hand
measuring 41 mm dia, and the middle fruit in the last Hand with 35 mm dia
two weeks before harvest is ideal for <b>Export.</b></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> </b> </span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Normally there will be variation in the size of
fruits located in the upper hands and lower hands. Fruits in the upper
hands are always bigger than fruits in lower end hands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The variation will be more and markedly
visible if there are more than 10 hands (sometimes 13 to 15 hands) in the
bunch. To procure more or less uniform size of fruits, exporters insist
the farmers to maintain only 9 or 10 hands in the bunch. By restricting
the number of hands to 9 to 10, availability of nutrients to the fruits
are more resulting in uniform size of fruits and faster development. </span></li>
</ul>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9IxhKN9aYj8/VInprg9W0NI/AAAAAAAABL4/SgMhQ74CR1k/s1600/Preferred%2Bsize%2Bof%2Bbanana%2Bfor%2Bexport%2B2.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9IxhKN9aYj8/VInprg9W0NI/AAAAAAAABL4/SgMhQ74CR1k/s1600/Preferred%2Bsize%2Bof%2Bbanana%2Bfor%2Bexport%2B2.JPG" height="233" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">41mm is preferred fruit size for export</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;" type="disc"></ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><b>9. The practice of ‘Finger thinning’ is also to get
uniform size of fruits.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qzFZrV0m2XM/VInnlEffHWI/AAAAAAAABLs/IgtxaCRL0-c/s1600/Finger%2BThinning.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qzFZrV0m2XM/VInnlEffHWI/AAAAAAAABLs/IgtxaCRL0-c/s1600/Finger%2BThinning.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10. Retaining a finger in the
last hand</span></b></span></span>: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">After de-navelling </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(removal of male floral bud)</span></span>,</span> the distal end of rachis sometimes
gets infected with fungus and if left uncured the fungal infection spreads
to the upper hands causing extensive damage. Retaining a finger in the
last hand is a practice to monitor the fungal infection since the symptoms
can be easily spotted in a lone fruit rather than spotting it in the major
part of the bunch.</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XLcQvDC981Q/VInsBtkKNeI/AAAAAAAABME/-ndLTaI0yOw/s1600/Banana%2Bsingle%2Bfinger%2Bin%2Blast%2Bhand.JPG" height="242" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leaving a single finger in the last hand</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></span></div>
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<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DTl2Xb9Ioc/VIqniXLBT2I/AAAAAAAABNM/_qCirmKsiaU/s1600/Bell%2Binjection%2B1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Excellent yields are obtained in many fields of farmers at Theni District, Tamilnadu, where the farmers followed only few of the bunch care techniques described here above. But, they meticulously followed the 'Bunch sprays' described in Sl.No.6, Option 3, Important Notes 1 & 2 and covered the bunches with bunch covers / sleeves. To attain max. yield in banana, the crop has to be nourished properly from day one. One of the main reason for the farmers achievement other than bunch care and bunch sprays is their adherence to the "Fertilizer Target Chart" (<b><span style="color: blue;">Link:</span></b> <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/09/fertilizer-target-chart-for-banana_26.html" target="_blank">Fertilizer Target Chart for better nutrition management in banana</a> - Kindly refer the comments section also for better understanding) given to them for giving timely, adequate and balanced nutrition to the crop.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8KDQxW_f9xc/VIszuBtOVYI/AAAAAAAABN8/ajPo8ikN4xY/s1600/Yield%2BStatistics.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8KDQxW_f9xc/VIszuBtOVYI/AAAAAAAABN8/ajPo8ikN4xY/s1600/Yield%2BStatistics.JPG" height="390" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kcqJquMRZ-c/VIsz1lnB8hI/AAAAAAAABOE/HYqlxbnoEBw/s1600/Think%2BBanana.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kcqJquMRZ-c/VIsz1lnB8hI/AAAAAAAABOE/HYqlxbnoEBw/s1600/Think%2BBanana.JPG" height="298" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards,</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-80889717090040891362014-12-05T15:51:00.000+05:302014-12-24T23:25:01.847+05:30Insect Pests – Rhizome Weevil / Corm borer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Insect Pests – Rhizome Weevil / Corm borer:</span></b></span></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Symptoms:</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adult weevil (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cosmopolites
sordidus</i></b>) is black and mostly found in between leaf sheaths and in the
soil at the base of the rhizome. Rhizome weevil interfere with the root
initiation, kill existing roots that limits nutrient uptake, reduces plant
vigour, delays flowering and increases susceptibility to other pests and
diseases. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larvae of the
weevil furrow into the rhizome at different locations creating a network of
hollow tunnels which are not visible externally.</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larvae sometimes
bore into the pseudostem also. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infestation at the early stage reduces plant
vigour.<u> Sick appearance and yellow lines on the top leaves are early
symptoms.</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the advanced
stage of infestation, <u>plant shows tapering of stem at crown region</u>,
reduction in the leaf size, poor bunch formation and choked throat appearance
due to grub damage in the corms. Attacked rhizome and pseudostem gets girdled
with holes that result into <u>toppling of the plants</u>. The weevil spreads through
infested suckers to different places.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tflblONmxys/VIGFNveOuwI/AAAAAAAABIo/VSPy1ZJZK-4/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bplant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tflblONmxys/VIGFNveOuwI/AAAAAAAABIo/VSPy1ZJZK-4/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bplant.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Rhizome weevil / Corm borer affected plant</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-akS8d9jLSaA/VIGFSxQHm_I/AAAAAAAABIw/1t-mXQocu9k/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bcorm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-akS8d9jLSaA/VIGFSxQHm_I/AAAAAAAABIw/1t-mXQocu9k/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bcorm.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Rhizome weevil / Corm borer affected corm</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JOf1IOQCDv8/VIGFWQy3-cI/AAAAAAAABI4/DTqCrklDIuo/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bsuckers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JOf1IOQCDv8/VIGFWQy3-cI/AAAAAAAABI4/DTqCrklDIuo/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bsuckers.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Rhizome weevil / Corm borer affected suckers and corm</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PY5AveF_xE4/VIGFaQ0E31I/AAAAAAAABJA/Qsy0bsK7a30/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Bcontrol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PY5AveF_xE4/VIGFaQ0E31I/AAAAAAAABJA/Qsy0bsK7a30/s1600/Rhizome%2Bweevil%2Bcontrol.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Usage of Pseudostem injector to control Rhizome weevil / Corm borer</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Control:</span></b></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keep the
plantation clean without weeds, remove trashes and burn the refuse.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">You can be rest
assured of infection free planting material if you go for ‘Tissue culture
plants. Avoid planting of borer infested suckers. To make sure that you have
clean suckers, the roots should be trimmed and pared-off all tissues on the surface
to make it free of any infestations and dip the pared corm in a solution
containing 0.5% Monocrotophos or Trizophos 2.5 ml in 1 litre solution for 30 minutes. Alternatively application of 40g
of Carbofuran in the soil at planting can also be followed.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilute
Monocrotophos 150 ml in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>350 ml of water
and inject 4 ml in the rhizome using Pseudostem injector in a 45 degree slanting
angle. For more details click this <b><span style="color: blue;">link:</span></b> <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/09/using-pseudostem-injector-for-effective.html" target="_blank">A novel method for effective control
of Weevil attacks in Banana plants.</a></span><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/09/using-pseudostem-injector-for-effective.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rake the soil around
the rhizome and apply through drenching 2 gm / litre Carbaryl or 0.03%
Chlorpyriphos or 10 g / plant Carbofuran 3G or 10 gram / plant Phorate 10G two
times at 10 days interval followed by tight watering.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>A.Vishnu Sankar</b></span></span><br />
<div>
</div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-48125265560880442252014-12-05T01:52:00.000+05:302014-12-24T23:23:09.248+05:30Insect Pests – Pseudostem Weevil / Borer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Insect Pests – Pseudostem Weevil / Borer:</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms:</span></b></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pseudostem
weevil (Odoiporus longicollis)</i></b> are normally black coloured ones but red coloured
variants are also found in some areas. The pest breeds and become more active during
summer and monsoon seasons.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><u>Early symptoms of
infestation are the presence of small pin-head sized holes on the pseudostem,
fibrous extrusions from bases of the leaf petioles and exudation of a gummy
substance from the holes of the pseudostem.</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The weevil larvae
are fleshy and yellowish white. Larva bores hole through the pseudostem and
thrives inside. This results in exudation of plant sap followed by dropping of
the faecal matter. As the central core is destroyed due to the boring of the
larvae, upward movement of the nutrient is hampered which ultimately results in
poor growth and development of the plants. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If the larva
tunnels pseudostem during advanced pre-flowering stage, the ascending flower
bud and peduncles are destroyed resulting in non emergence of the flower bud
which decays inside the pseudostem. This leads to choked throat appearance of
bunch and breaking of Pseudostem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">During advanced
stages of infestation, we can observe by splitting the stem, the pests' extensive tunneling both in the
leaf sheath and in the rhizome. Rotting occurs due to secondary infection of
other pathogens and foul odour is emitted. When the rhizome and peduncle are
tunnelled after flowering, the fruits do not develop properly, exhibiting a
dehydrated condition with premature ripening of the bunch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JN1CTvrpVW4/VIC_-ywlwqI/AAAAAAAABIA/cfGZHdKQ0RU/s1600/Pseudostem%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bbanana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JN1CTvrpVW4/VIC_-ywlwqI/AAAAAAAABIA/cfGZHdKQ0RU/s1600/Pseudostem%2Bweevil%2Baffected%2Bbanana.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Pseudostem weevil affected plant with immature bunch</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5cNIOCeJQnc/VIDAEFna9GI/AAAAAAAABII/whYIzRHWtv4/s1600/Pseudostem%2Bweevils.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5cNIOCeJQnc/VIDAEFna9GI/AAAAAAAABII/whYIzRHWtv4/s1600/Pseudostem%2Bweevils.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Pseudostem weevils / grubs</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J9J-R24xPMQ/VIDAJZTWDbI/AAAAAAAABIQ/K_Ag5fDWFrk/s1600/Pseudostem%2Bweevil%2Battack%2Bsymptom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J9J-R24xPMQ/VIDAJZTWDbI/AAAAAAAABIQ/K_Ag5fDWFrk/s1600/Pseudostem%2Bweevil%2Battack%2Bsymptom.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Pseudostem weevil attack - Bore hole on Banana</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Control:</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keep the plantation clean.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Remove trashes and burn the refuse.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Do not dump infected plant into manure pit.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uproot infected trees, chop into pieces and burn.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">You can be rest assured of infection free planting
material if you go for ‘Tissue culture plants. If you opt for suckers, then avoid planting of borer
infested suckers. To make sure that you have clean suckers, the roots
should be trimmed and pared-off all tissues on the surface to make it free
of any infestations and dip the pared corm in a solution containing 0.5%
Monocrotophos or 2.5 ml in 1 litre solution of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trizophos </span>for 30 minutes. Alternatively application of 40g of
Carbofuran in the soil at planting can also be followed.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Do not plant susceptible varieties in the endemic areas
such as Nendran, Mondan, Ney poovan etc.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilute Monocrotophos 150 ml in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>350 ml of water and inject 4 ml in the
pseudostem about 2 feet higher from the ground (preferably below bore
hole) using Pseudostem injector in a 45 degree slanting angle. For more
details click this link: <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2011/09/using-pseudostem-injector-for-effective.html" target="_blank">A novel method for effective control of Pseudostem weevil using Pseudostem Injector.</a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rake the soil around the pseudostem and apply 0.1%
Metasystox or 0.05% Quinalphos or 0.03% Chlorpyriphos or 0.2% Carbaryl
followed by light irrigation, at 15 days interval.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Method to trap the weevil with spilt pseudostem:</b> The
freshly cut pseudostem is a good breeding place for weevils. So, after the
bunch has been harvested, cut the pseudostem close to the ground then cut it
into small pieces in lengths of up to 60 cm, split each along its length
and place them in the soil in the way that the cut portion faces the
ground. These cut pieces </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(split traps) </span>attract adult female weevils to feed and lay
their eggs. As soon as the larvae emerge, these pieces become dry and
eventually the larvae die because of dehydration. This split trap method to trap the weevil is just to monitor the extent of infection in the field and control measures have to be taken up immediately. </span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The open cut side of the above pseudostem cut pieces about 30 to 40 numbers (split traps) can be sprayed with 0.5% solution of <a href="http://agrowmania.blogspot.in/2009/06/beauveria-bassiana-to-control-borers.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Beauveria bassiana</b></span></a> or <b><a href="http://agrowmania.blogspot.in/2009/08/biotech-solutions-to-organic.html" target="_blank">Metarhizium anisopliae,</a> both are entomopathogenic bio control agents </b>before placing them face down on the soil. The weevil gets infected by the fungal conidia (spores) when it enters the pseudostem trap. It is enough for the conidia of the fungus to come in to contact with the body of the weevil or ingested where it grow and colonize the host body. Then they germinate and the hyphae that emerge penetrate the cuticle of the insect host. After extensive invasion of the host body, the Destruxins produced by the fungus eventually weaken and kill the insects within 72 hours.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Use Pheromone traps (2 traps/acre) and destroy the collected weevils. </span></li>
</ol>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-h0NRR7Q7PCY/VIDAO8FyeFI/AAAAAAAABIY/N11P0Z8PqDQ/s1600/Pseudostem%2Btrap%2Band%2BPesudostem%2BInjector%2B1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-h0NRR7Q7PCY/VIDAO8FyeFI/AAAAAAAABIY/N11P0Z8PqDQ/s1600/Pseudostem%2Btrap%2Band%2BPesudostem%2BInjector%2B1.jpg" height="320" width="203" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">A Pseudostem Injector and a Pseudostem cut piece for weevil trap </span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>A.Vishnu Sankar</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-67845529936204157692014-12-03T22:20:00.001+05:302014-12-21T01:08:46.850+05:30Fungal Disease (Pre & Post Harvest): Fruit Freckle / Leaf Freckle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungal Disease
(Pre & Post Harvest):</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fruit Freckle & Leaf Freckle: </span></b></span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms:</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Causal
organism of this disease is a fungus which has two names, <b><i>Phyllostictina<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>musarum </i></b>and <b><i>Guignardia musae</i></b>
because the fungus produces two types of spores causing brown to black coloured
small and large spots <i><u>on the leaves and fruits.</u></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">These
spots can run together to form streaks. Severe infection results in yellowing
followed by withering and ultimately death of the leaves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
most characteristic symptom of both types of spots is a <i><u>sand paper feel of
the leaf and fruit surface</u></i>. The fungus normally grows on the dead hanging
leaves and spreads to fingers during rainy and windy weather.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Djei5oB44_w/VH89WlgkGnI/AAAAAAAABHQ/hYcxzjRJpPQ/s1600/Freckle%2Bon%2Bbanana%2Bleaf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Djei5oB44_w/VH89WlgkGnI/AAAAAAAABHQ/hYcxzjRJpPQ/s1600/Freckle%2Bon%2Bbanana%2Bleaf.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Freckle disease on banana leaf</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-19x3Y6DzmY8/VH89bB3TE7I/AAAAAAAABHY/5dUPrd6ip_o/s1600/Freckle%2Bon%2Bbanana%2Bfruit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-19x3Y6DzmY8/VH89bB3TE7I/AAAAAAAABHY/5dUPrd6ip_o/s1600/Freckle%2Bon%2Bbanana%2Bfruit.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Freckle disease on banana fruit</span></b></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt;">Control:</span></b></div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Removal infected and dried leaves at regular intervals.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spray at weekly interval once or twice or dip the unripe
harvested fruits in 0.05% Bavistin or 0.25% Mancozeb.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Using Polythene bunch cover is found to be effective.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>A.Vishnu Sankar</b></span> </span><br />
<div>
</div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-72462650434280367082014-12-01T23:56:00.000+05:302014-12-21T01:13:48.550+05:30Fungal Disease (Pre & Post Harvest) – Speckle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Fungal Disease (Pre & Post Harvest) – Speckle:</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungus
<b><i>Deightoniella torulosa </i></b>causes 'Speckle disease' and the symptoms
are minute reddish brown black spots surrounded by a green halo which develops
at all stages of fruit maturity. The spots are 2 mm in diameter but may reach
up to 4 mm as the fruit approaches harvesting. The fungus normally grows on the
dead hanging leaves and spreads to fingers during rainy and windy weather.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zt-63EfbQG8/VHyriAYj6OI/AAAAAAAABGw/jS99XuIuBrQ/s1600/Speckle%2B-%2BInitial%2Bstage%2Bon%2Bgreen%2Bleaf%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zt-63EfbQG8/VHyriAYj6OI/AAAAAAAABGw/jS99XuIuBrQ/s1600/Speckle%2B-%2BInitial%2Bstage%2Bon%2Bgreen%2Bleaf%2B2.jpg" height="320" width="304" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Speckle disease in Banana - Initial stage on green leaf</span></b></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-niHE08J_2io/VHyric9UqbI/AAAAAAAABGo/KXYa0J3Ol7c/s1600/Speckle%2B-%2BMature%2Bstage%2Bon%2Bdead%2Bhanging%2Bleaf%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-niHE08J_2io/VHyric9UqbI/AAAAAAAABGo/KXYa0J3Ol7c/s1600/Speckle%2B-%2BMature%2Bstage%2Bon%2Bdead%2Bhanging%2Bleaf%2B2.jpg" height="320" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Speckle disease in Banana - Mature stage on dead hanging leaf</span></span></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SRfBL9dZGhQ/VHy56FQxfpI/AAAAAAAABHA/enKwoEHfpSA/s1600/Speckle%2Bdisease%2Bon%2BBanana%2Bfruit%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SRfBL9dZGhQ/VHy56FQxfpI/AAAAAAAABHA/enKwoEHfpSA/s1600/Speckle%2Bdisease%2Bon%2BBanana%2Bfruit%2B2.jpg" height="141" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Speckle disease on Banana fruit </b></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Control: </span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Removal of decaying leaf trash including transition leaves
and bracts at regular intervals especially during rainy season.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spray 0.05% Bavistin or 0.25% Kavach on weekly basis till
bunch emergence and sleeving.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Using Polythene bunch cover is found to be effective.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-44724824613765413782014-12-01T23:13:00.001+05:302014-12-21T01:10:18.849+05:30Fungal Disease (Pre & Post Harvest) – Brown spot or Diamond Spot:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungal Disease (Pre
& Post Harvest) – Brown spot or Diamond Spot:</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
disease is caused by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cercospora hayi </i></b>often in conjunction
with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fusarium
spp</i></b>. These
fungi are common saprophyte (fungal organisms which obtain nutrients from dead
organic matter) on banana leaf trash and on senescent (aged, from full maturity
phase to death) weed leaves. Spores are produced on the dead leaves and are
released onto fruits even at very low wind velocities.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cercospora
hayi </span></u></i></b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">causes black, sunken, diamond shaped lesions on the
harvesting grade fruits</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inconspicuous
spots may become prominent lesions during shipping and ripening. The first
symptom caused by this fungus is slightly raised yellow spots, 3 – 5 mm in
diameter on the green peel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fusarium
sp</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></i>and<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Cercospora hayi </i></b>inoculated together extend the initial yellow
lesions into the typical diamond shape lesions. The infected cells fail to
expand as the fruit grows and a longitudinal crack surrounded by a yellow halo
develops resembling a diamond shaped lesion.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wRr9vxccO8k/VHyoOStEksI/AAAAAAAABGc/LmenSE5RVg0/s1600/Diamond%2Bspot%2Bor%2BBrown%2Bspot%2Bdisease.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wRr9vxccO8k/VHyoOStEksI/AAAAAAAABGc/LmenSE5RVg0/s1600/Diamond%2Bspot%2Bor%2BBrown%2Bspot%2Bdisease.jpg" height="276" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brown spot or Diamond Spot disease in Banana fruit</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Control:</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regular removal of drying and decaying leaves including
bracts especially during rainy season.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Using Polythene bunch cover is found to be effective.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spray or dip the raw or harvested hands with 0.05%
Bavistin or 0.01% Tilt or 0.25% Indofil M45 at 15 days interval.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-26245563348310328182014-12-01T07:11:00.003+05:302014-12-21T01:11:46.927+05:30Fungal Disease (Pre & Post Harvest): Pitting Disease<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Fungal Disease (Pre & Post Harvest) – Pitting Disease:</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms:</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
disease is caused by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pyricularia grisea</i></b> and this is
characterized by <u>round, sunken pits</u> of approximately 4 – 6 mm in diameter <u>on
the fruits</u> after harvest or as the fruit reaches maturity. The sunken
centre is surrounded by a reddish brown zone with a greenish, narrow, water
soaked halo. Smaller pits occur on the finger stalks and crown pads which can
lead to finger drop.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Although the pit centres sometimes split, the damage is
confined to the peel and does not extend to the pulp. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms
are identical with those of ‘Johnston
fruit-spot’ disease and are rarely seen in the field until 70 days after bunch
emergence. . The extent of pitting may increase considerably while fruit is in
transit and during ripening causing serious losses in the quality of fruits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
main sources of inoculam for pitting disease are conidia produced on hanging
banana leaf trash. Conidia are most abundant during rainy season and are wind
dispersed onto the fruits. The fruit on the side of the bunch facing away from
the pseudostem is more severely affected than fruit facing towards the
pseudostem.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o89_Ngwp-qk/VHtZyHqUcrI/AAAAAAAABF8/Zqlusu3u-DA/s1600/Pitting%2Bdisease%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o89_Ngwp-qk/VHtZyHqUcrI/AAAAAAAABF8/Zqlusu3u-DA/s1600/Pitting%2Bdisease%2B3.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Pitting disease in banana fruit</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Control:</span></b><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regularly remove dried and decaying leaves hanging around
the pseudostem.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Using Polythene bunch cover is found to be effective.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spray affected unripe fruit bunches or dip harvested hands
with Bavistin @ 1 gm / 1 litre</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> at 15 days interval.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-56186477193000766862014-11-27T23:48:00.001+05:302014-12-20T01:09:04.796+05:30Tissue Culture Banana Plants in Jiffy pots / bags / pellets<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">‘Jiffy’ is a planting pot (<a href="http://www.jiffypot.com/en.html">jiffypot.com</a>) made from compressed peat packed in desirable sizes of biodegradable net materials for aeration of roots that would guarantee optimum growth without transplant shock. They are available as hard pressed handy pellets and by just adding water grows up to 7 times the size in a few moments. The growing medium are bio-based materials such as peat, coir, pulp and other bio-mass and plant starches that are fully sterilized and devoid of harmful pathogens and Nematodes.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Advantages of using plants grown in ‘Jiffy’ grow bags / pots / pellets:</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Description</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Plant in black Poly-bag</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Plant in <span class="il">Jiffy pot / bag</span></span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Nature of nursery bags</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Recycled black colour
polythene bags. Environmental hazard as they are discorded in the field
itself.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">‘Jiffy’
is an imported grow-bag. The net like bag holding
the root zone of the plant is of biodegradable material. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Environmental
friendly.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Growing medium</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Contains soil normally infected
with harmful pathogens and Nematodes.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Sterilized bio-based
materials without harmful pathogens and Nematodes.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Planting</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Have to remove the bag
before planting. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br />
Increased labour cost.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Damage to roots.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Transport shock </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">No need to remove the net
like bag. Can be planted as such.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Saving
in labour cost. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">No damage to roots.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">No Transport transport shock </span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Root system</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Normal root growth.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Normal establishment in soil. </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
More roots than soil media plant. Faster establishment in soil.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Rate of growth</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Normal</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Faster</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Size of bag.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Dia 3.25 inches Height
5 inches</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Diameter 2 inches Height 2.5 inches</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Plant Height</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">4 to 5 leaves with 1 Feet height including bag</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">4 to 5 leaves with 1 Feet height including bag</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Transport cost</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Have to transport them in
exclusively hired vehicle which is costlier. Cumbersome to purchase small quantity of plants or for gap
filling from the far away supplier.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Since about 200 plants
can be horizontally packed in a corrugated aerated box, transporting them by bus or omni bus is
very cheap. Just 6 boxes is enough for an acre.</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Cost</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Cost is ‘High’ because of
the cost of bag, cost of growth medium and the labour for mixing and filling
it.</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" valign="top" width="247"><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Cheaper. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Available as ready to use
material.</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DRY
JIFFY PELLETS IN TRAYS </span></b></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3l7wEPrEBYU/VHdnozXQcpI/AAAAAAAAA_0/qZ5z0O6cbHM/s1600/Jiffy%2Bpellets%2Bin%2Btray.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3l7wEPrEBYU/VHdnozXQcpI/AAAAAAAAA_0/qZ5z0O6cbHM/s1600/Jiffy%2Bpellets%2Bin%2Btray.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;">SWOLLEN JIFFY
PELLETS AFTER WATER ADDITION</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uCdalKINmNU/VHdn7oBwqDI/AAAAAAAAA_8/zaVLTSbJZDY/s1600/Jiffy%2B(water%2Babsorbed)%2Bin%2Btray.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uCdalKINmNU/VHdn7oBwqDI/AAAAAAAAA_8/zaVLTSbJZDY/s1600/Jiffy%2B(water%2Babsorbed)%2Bin%2Btray.jpg" height="105" width="320" /></a></div>
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b></h1>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BANANA
PLANTING IN JIFFY POTS / BAGS</span></b></h1>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NRs-fAepmz8/VHdoHWn-hYI/AAAAAAAABAE/et_wHH622cQ/s1600/Jiffy%2Bin%2Btray%2B1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NRs-fAepmz8/VHdoHWn-hYI/AAAAAAAABAE/et_wHH622cQ/s1600/Jiffy%2Bin%2Btray%2B1.JPG" height="112" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;">HARDENED
BANANA PLANTS IN JIFFY POTS/BAGS </span></b></h1>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZEeN4F5Xxxo/VHdoTLGxozI/AAAAAAAABAM/5YsKzJl0DKc/s1600/Jiffy%2Bin%2Btray%2B2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZEeN4F5Xxxo/VHdoTLGxozI/AAAAAAAABAM/5YsKzJl0DKc/s1600/Jiffy%2Bin%2Btray%2B2.JPG" height="245" width="320" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b><br />
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<![endif]--> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BANANA PLANTS IN JIFFY POTS READY FOR PLANTING</span></b></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ebomqaXdPN8/VHdobhDC6nI/AAAAAAAABAU/4h9_LvuS5v4/s1600/Jiffy%2B2%2Bplants.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ebomqaXdPN8/VHdobhDC6nI/AAAAAAAABAU/4h9_LvuS5v4/s1600/Jiffy%2B2%2Bplants.JPG" /></a></div>
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</span></h1>
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Instructions to be followed on the receipt of Banana Jiffy Plants:</span></span></b><br />
<ol style="text-align: justify;"></ol>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Tissue culture Banana Jiffy Pot / bag Plants are normally supplied to farmers in Corrugated Carton boxes. On receipt, immediately open the carton boxes, take out the plants carefully and keep them in standing position in the ‘Jiffy holding trays’ that are provided along with the plants (or) on moist soil bed under shade to avoid over crowding.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">At the time of receiving the plants, the stem may be slightly bent due to horizontal packing. This is no cause for worry as the stem will get straightened within 48 hours after vertical arrangement in the holding tray.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The Plants have young white roots entangling the root ball which needs to be moistened always before planting into the field. Therefore water the plants by a Rose can intermittently.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Plants should be kept in a place where there is partial shade and avoid exposure to direct sunlight. It is advisable to plant them within 48 hours of as the plants are very young.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Please ensure the presence of following items at the time of planting:Neem Cake 200 grams/plant, Carbofuran-3G (Furadon) 5 grams / plant. D.A.P: 50 grams/plant and Vermicompost - 1 kg. The above items should be thoroughly mixed with the soil in the planting pit.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Start planting in the well prepared field preferably in the evening hours and irrigate them immediately. Deep planting should be avoided. Press the surrounding soil with hands firmly for compaction of ground and irrigate immediately.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Maintain the root zone at the field capacity level (moist condition) for 10-12 days. </span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The emergence of new leaves indicates the establishment of plants in the soil. Now the fertilizer application schedule as given in this blog must start.</span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Regards,</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span></b></span></span> </span><br />
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</span></h1>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-83197351127432295522012-11-10T18:00:00.001+05:302014-12-20T02:02:18.428+05:30A brief note about 'Banana planting and cultivation' for School children <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A brief note about 'Banana planting and cultivation' for School children</span></b></span></span></span>:</u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Presenting 'Banana plants' to invitees of marriage functions and to school children for their academic / sports achievements have become orders of the day. For one such occasion, the organizers requested me to supply a brief note about 'Banana planting and cultivation methods' along with each and every Banana plant. So, a brief note was prepared in simple words especially for school children and the same has been </span></b><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">uploaded here in the hope that it may benefit organizers with similar cause.</span></b></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">Banana :
Planting and cultivation methods:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .15in; tab-stops: 0in .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dear Children,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .15in; tab-stops: 0in .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">What you have received now from our Chief Guest is a
Banana plant (Variety : Grande Naine) raised by Tissue culture production
technology. A brief description about how to plant it in your sweet home and
it’s cultivation methods are given hereunder. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">The plants you have received today are very young and
must be planted the next day morning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">You might have noticed that the plants have young
white roots entangling the root ball which needs to be moistened always before
planting into the field. Therefore water the plants intermittently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">If you wish to plant them leisurely then they should
be kept in a place where there is partial shade and avoid exposure to direct
sunlight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Start planting in a well prepared spot preferably in
the evening hours and irrigate it immediately.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dig a circular pit
(Size 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> feet diameter and 1 feet depth) in
your garden preferably in the place where your kitchen waste water percolates.
Throughout the cultivation period, stagnation of water should be avoided as
this will lead to infection and subsequent rotting of plant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Collect the following items at the time of
planting:(1) Neem Cake 250 gms, (2) Ground nut Cake - 500 gms, (3) Farm yard Manure – 1 basket, (4)
Vermicompost - 1 kg (5) Humic acid 10 gms and mix all the items along with the
soil dug out from the planting pit and fill the pit with the mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">The net like bag holding the root zone of the given
plant is made of biodegradable material. So there is no need to remove it and you
can plant as such in the soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Planting depth should be maximum 1cm above the top
level of bag. Deep planting should be avoided. Press the surrounding soil with
hands firmly for compaction of ground and irrigate immediately.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Maintain the root zone under moist condition for
10-12 days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">The emergence of new leaves indicates the
establishment of plants in the soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Irrigation
/ Water requirement:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Young plants
need watering daily twice upto 3 months. First month: 5 litres daily twice, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
month: 10 to 15 litres daily twice, 4<sup>th</sup> to 6th months: 20 litres
daily once, 7<sup>th</sup> month: 25 litres daily and after 8<sup>th</sup>
month upto bunch harvest: 35 litres daily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <b>Weeding :</b> Unwanted weeds that come up
surrounding the plant for up to 6 feet
radius are to be periodically removed as there will be competition for food. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Management
of daughter suckers :</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Banana plant
normally produces numerous daughter suckers all around the plant after 3 - 4
months. These daughter suckers must be removed by sawing them up to the ground
level. If you allow them to grow then the mother plant will produce smaller
size bunch only. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">14.</span><b><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fertilizer
application :</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.15in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list 1.15in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Apply 10 kg
of Farmyard manure, 1 KG of Ground nut cake, 500 gms of Neem cake, 1Kg of
Vermi-compost, 25 gms of Humic acid in powdered form, 5 kg of rice husk ash
available in rice mills, 1 Kg of Rock phosphate, or any other organic sources
available with you in a circular fashion all around the plant. (1 feet away
on 3<sup>rd</sup> month, 2 feet away by
5<sup>th</sup> month and 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> feet away after 6<sup>th</sup>
month). Apply Vermi and oilcakes alone by 7<sup>th </sup> & 8<sup>th</sup> month for good bunch
development. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.15in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list 1.15in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;">Quantity and periodicity of fertilizer application
varies depending upon the soil fertility of your garden. If the plant growth is
stunted, additional application of nutrient rich oil cakes are necessary. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <b>Propping:</b> Banana plant is not sturdier
enough to carry its own bunch. After bunch emergence you have to provide
support to the developing bunch using poles. If not, the plant will collapse
due to wind with immature fruits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .65in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0in .25in list .65in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">16.</span><b><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">Harvesting </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial;">: Flower emergence takes place between 6-7 months. Development
of bunch takes about 120 days. Normal size bunch is with 9 to 11 hands and are ready for
harvest by 11th or 12th month. The correct time for harvest (maturity index) is when you notice roundness of the tip of fruits and change of colour from green to light green. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">17. <b>Ripening : </b>In India, 'Smoking method' is the age old and safe method to ripen banana. In olden days each and every house had one windowless dark room usually under the stair case or at cattle shed exclusively for ripening banana bunches. Now we have to settle with any airtight plastic or stainless steel container. Place the harvested bunch along with 3 to 4 big green banana leaves in an air tight container for 2 days. Ripening will be hastened if you place </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">some banana peels and </span>other unripe fruits like Mangoes, tomatoes Etc., along with banana. </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Banana is the first fruit every baby gets as food after milk because its tastes great, easily digestible, and a store house of energy. A </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">fairly inexpensive fruit when compared to the value of nutrients </span>inside its protective skin such as</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">: vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, Calcium, Iron,
Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium and Zinc. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Think banana. Grow banana. Eat banana.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Eat for your health and to help poor farmers who tirelessly build our nations wealth.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .15in; tab-stops: 0in .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .15in; tab-stops: 0in .25in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial;">For more details visit this link:<a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/" target="_blank"> <span style="color: blue;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.tcbanana.blogspot.com</span></span>.</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-79735821189274815632012-01-15T16:58:00.002+05:302014-12-21T00:02:29.495+05:30Banana bunch care and Post Harvest management<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<h3 style="margin: 3px; padding: 0px;">
<a href="http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Vishnusankar-1300598-bunch-care-p-m-10-01-12/" target="_blank">Banana bunch care and Post Harvest Management</a></h3>
<div style="float: left;">
<div style="border: 2px solid rgb(134, 170, 38); float: left;">
<object height="416" id="player" width="565"><param name="movie" value="http://www.authorstream.com/player.swf?fb=0&nb=1&rl=0&ap=0&pl=as&p=1300598_634617919829222500" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed src="http://www.authorstream.com/player.swf?fb=0&nb=1&rl=0&ap=0&pl=as&p=1300598_634617919829222500" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="565" height="416"></embed></object></div>
<div style="font: 11px arial;">
More <a href="http://www.authorstream.com/" target="_blank">PowerPoint presentations</a> from <a href="http://www.authorstream.com/Vishnusankar/" target="_blank">Vishnu Sankar </a></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-32584825346322908522012-01-06T22:01:00.006+05:302014-12-21T01:07:04.747+05:30FUNGAL DISEASE (Pre & Post - Harvest): CROWN ROT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">CROWN ROT</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Symptoms:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">It is the most serious post harvest problem, especially where dehandling and boxing of fruit is not carried out in modern and centralized air-conditioned plants.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">A number of fungi are associated with crown disorder viz. Colletotrichum musae (C.musae), Fusarium spp, Vetricullium theobromae (V.theobromae) and Botryodipiodia theobromae (B.theobromae). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Blackening of the crown tissue occurs initially at the cut surfaces, but the rot may spread into the crown during transportation. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Rotting is most noticeable if transit time exceeds 7 days and high incidence of disease may cause premature ripening of the fruits.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Control:</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 12pt;">Dip or spray the harvested hands with 0.05% Bavistin.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H2CNXtbh_DA/TwXaKULrM0I/AAAAAAAAAVE/dDI1YwdRftE/s1600/Crown+rot+2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H2CNXtbh_DA/TwXaKULrM0I/AAAAAAAAAVE/dDI1YwdRftE/s320/Crown+rot+2.bmp" height="199" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NmRlSi1okwA/TwXaNcf9ZmI/AAAAAAAAAVM/JdaRk5q6r_I/s1600/Crown+rot+1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NmRlSi1okwA/TwXaNcf9ZmI/AAAAAAAAAVM/JdaRk5q6r_I/s320/Crown+rot+1.bmp" height="320" width="219" /></a></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-29850615301402982622012-01-05T21:16:00.003+05:302014-12-21T01:06:22.809+05:30FUNGAL DISEASE (Pre & Post Harvest): CIGAR END ROT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">CIGAR END ROT</span></u></b></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Symptoms: </span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Two fungi are associated with this disease viz. verticillium theobromae (V.theobromae) & Trachyspaera fructigena (T.fructigena). The fungus attacks at the flowering stage and its </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">incidence is spotted
during rainy season. Spray of Bavistin @ 1 gm/lt or Kavach
(Chlorothalonil) @ 1gm / lt of water on the bunches is recommended.</span>:</span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> As the fruit develops, the infection spreads slowly along with the fruit growth causing blackening of the skin.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Tip of the infected fingers later gets covered with a powdery mass of spores resembling grey ash end of a cigar.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r_EglIuA-5w/TwXEa-PwlpI/AAAAAAAAAUg/FHbNqdqz8zQ/s1600/Cigar+end+rot+1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r_EglIuA-5w/TwXEa-PwlpI/AAAAAAAAAUg/FHbNqdqz8zQ/s320/Cigar+end+rot+1.bmp" height="221" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Control:</span></b><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Removal the untransformed flowers after the finger emergence.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 12pt;">Spray the bunches with </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Bavistin @ 1 gm/lt or Kavach
(Chlorothalonil) @ 1gm / lt of water </span></span>once in 15 days and later on cover the bunches with polythene sleeve. </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aNSRq1YN7sY/TwbZ4IzIb0I/AAAAAAAAAVU/DvziCWZ-20I/s1600/Cigar+end+rot+3.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aNSRq1YN7sY/TwbZ4IzIb0I/AAAAAAAAAVU/DvziCWZ-20I/s320/Cigar+end+rot+3.bmp" height="253" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;"></ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UbcSY8v_MLs/TwXEVxjy3qI/AAAAAAAAAUY/8ZRtDeABoLw/s1600/Cigar+end+rot+2.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UbcSY8v_MLs/TwXEVxjy3qI/AAAAAAAAAUY/8ZRtDeABoLw/s1600/Cigar+end+rot+2.bmp" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uCATc1u8-rs/TwXFckDdpvI/AAAAAAAAAUs/qqku45Axz2M/s1600/Bunch+covering+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uCATc1u8-rs/TwXFckDdpvI/AAAAAAAAAUs/qqku45Axz2M/s320/Bunch+covering+2.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uCATc1u8-rs/TwXFckDdpvI/AAAAAAAAAUs/qqku45Axz2M/s1600/Bunch+covering+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a></div>
</div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-40864326049098272882012-01-05T16:27:00.001+05:302014-12-24T23:10:13.432+05:30FUNGAL DISEASE (Pre & Post - Harvest): ANTHRACNOSE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ANTHRACNOSE</span></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Symptoms:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">It is a serious pre and post harvest disease caused by Colletotrichum musae.</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Infection starts at the distal end of the young harvested fruits as minute black spots, spreading slowly to the whole fruit which eventually turns black and shriveled. It spreads to the other hands through the stalk affecting the whole bunch.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">On ripening fruits, the symptoms appear as sunken brownish lesions which get covered by salmon colored fungal sporulation. Lesions expand faster and coalesce giving a black appearance to the fingers.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Control:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Spray bunches twice with 0.25% Indofil M-45 or 0.25% Kavach at 15 days interval.</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K6Dic1JxqP8/VJr6JXL1_ZI/AAAAAAAABik/GFNTsxRiDfQ/s1600/Anthracnose.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-K6Dic1JxqP8/VJr6JXL1_ZI/AAAAAAAABik/GFNTsxRiDfQ/s1600/Anthracnose.jpg" height="305" width="400" /></a></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-27463129074402983072012-01-05T15:48:00.005+05:302014-12-24T22:29:35.280+05:30FUNGAL DISEASE (Foliar) : PANAMA WILT.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #990000;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PANAMA</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> WILT (OR) FUSARIUM WILT</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Symptoms:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> Panama wilt is caused by</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">. Both external and internal symptoms are present in the affected plant.</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Symptoms commence as yellowing of older leaves and progresses to youngest leaf.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">The affected leaves collapse gradually at the petiole and hang around the Pseudostem.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">At advanced stages of the disease development, splitting of the Pseudostem occurs coinciding with the collapse of crown.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Wilt is a vascular disease and attacks the conducting tissues. A transverse section of the Pseudostem/leaf base/rhizome exhibits presence of wilt fungus in the form of purplish or brownish-black discoloration of the vascular bundles that disrupts the translocation of nutrients leading to collapse of foliage and cessation of the growth of the crown.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Control:</span></b><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Provide good drainage in field wherever water stagnation occurs.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Bimonthly drenching and weekly spray with 0.1% Bavistin for 2-3 weeks on and around the infected plants.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol;"></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Uproot severely infected plants and burn them. Liming of the infected soil at the site of uprooted plants, helps in reducing the survival of fungus.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; font-size: 16pt;">Click this link for:</span></u><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.tcbanana.blogspot.com/2011/09/using-pseudostem-injector-for-effective.html" target="_blank"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; font-size: 16pt;">A highly successful method for effective control of Panama Wilt (or) Fusarium wilt in Banana plants.</span></u></b></a></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lgq5IblsbRI/VJrv-rE5teI/AAAAAAAABg8/Z2LPZPSzOMI/s1600/Fusarium%2Bwilt%2B3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lgq5IblsbRI/VJrv-rE5teI/AAAAAAAABg8/Z2LPZPSzOMI/s1600/Fusarium%2Bwilt%2B3.JPG" height="298" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ruoDZmArybY/VJrwGlBEnuI/AAAAAAAABhc/7Q5H1eZhT30/s1600/Fusarium%2Bwilt%2B5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ruoDZmArybY/VJrwGlBEnuI/AAAAAAAABhc/7Q5H1eZhT30/s1600/Fusarium%2Bwilt%2B5.JPG" height="305" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> Regards,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>A.Vishnu Sankar</b></span> </span></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-55075255103033748192012-01-05T15:32:00.002+05:302014-12-24T23:03:58.937+05:30FUNGAL DISEASE (Foliar) : CORDANA LEAF SPOT.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">CORDANA LEAF SPOT </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This disease is caused by Cordana musae. (C.musae).</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Symptoms: </span></b><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The fungus produces individual brown lesions which are upto several centimeters in length with a dark margin and surrounded by a chlorotic halo.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The lesions enlarge in size, coalesce, and produce necrotic areas. Ultimately, the leaves turn brown and dry out. </span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Control Measures:</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Spray 0.25% Kavach or 0.25% Indofil M-45 or 0.1% Tilt at 15 days interval.</span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O5vawTURb2k/TwSHOSg1XxI/AAAAAAAABiU/azTNRpKcfdA/s1600/Cordana%2B1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O5vawTURb2k/TwSHOSg1XxI/AAAAAAAABiU/azTNRpKcfdA/s1600/Cordana%2B1.bmp" height="208" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-80741255526062657942012-01-04T22:23:00.001+05:302014-12-24T22:47:19.651+05:30FUNGAL DISEASE (Foliar) : YELLOW SIGATOKA (Sigatoka Leaf Spot)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #990000;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">YELLOW SIGATOKA</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Sigatoka Leaf Spot):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Symptoms:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In India, it is caused by Cercospora musae (C.musae), the asexual form of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. </span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Symptoms start as tiny, yellow broken streaks followed by the development of brown spindle shape lesions in the streaked areas with a yellowish halo.</span></li>
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</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Slowly lesions darken and become elliptical brown spots with a grayish centre demarcated by a well defined brown or black border.</span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> These lesions coalesce and enlarge causing death of leaf blade. </span></li>
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</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This results in reduced photosynthetic area and eventually reduced harvestable yield coupled with accelerated fruit maturity and immature ripening.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Control Measures:</span></b></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Keep
the orchard clean, remove the diseased leaves and burn outside the
plantation. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Make proper drainage of water to avoid water logging. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Contact fungicide </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mancozeb(2.5gm / lt) or Calixin (2ml/lt) with Teepol
(Sticking agent ) must be sprayed during initial symptoms. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During severe
infection Bavistin @ 2gm / lt or </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0.1% Tilt </span>can also be used </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and repeat at 15 days interval. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Increment
in Potassium in the fertilizer dose and 6 feet X 6 feet spacing in
plantation minimizes the infestation.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fwlnyUuAWEQ/VJr0n_Qh0lI/AAAAAAAABiA/hmSw6E1OJjg/s1600/Sigatoka%2BLeaf%2Bspot%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fwlnyUuAWEQ/VJr0n_Qh0lI/AAAAAAAABiA/hmSw6E1OJjg/s1600/Sigatoka%2BLeaf%2Bspot%2B1.jpg" height="247" width="400" /></a></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-33062086069012434112011-11-09T22:25:00.001+05:302015-10-15T15:37:14.401+05:30Feed back from TNAU, NRCB and Farmers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dear readers,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You are aware that this blog carries an exhaustive load of details regarding micro-nutrient deficiencies in Banana and their remedies.</span></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On cross verification with other websites it was found that even the most trusted websites carry major flaws.</span></span></b></div>
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<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">TNAU Agritech portal</span> is no exception and the mistakes pointed out by this blogger was corrected in their website immediately (within 12 hours). </span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The above discussed subject along with the disputed pictures were sent to <span style="color: blue;">National Research Centre for Banana,</span> Trichy also for re-confirmation at their end. Fast came the reply to our surprise.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />
</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></b><b style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">'KUDOS' to TNAU and NRCB on behalf of farming community for their quick response.</span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Our letter and the response from both TNAU and NRCB is given here for record:</span></span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span> </span></b></div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
Dear Mr. Sankar, </div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
</div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
Thanks for the mail and information, </div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
</div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
We accept the link was a mistake and rectified immediately, </div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
</div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
We will welcome constructive suggestion to improve on, </div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
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<div style="color: #cc0000;">
With kind and warm regards</div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
N. Anandaraja, <br />
Asst. Prof (AEX)</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #cc0000;">TNAU</span></div>
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On Mon, Nov 7, 2011 at 1:16 PM, Vishnu Sankar <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:vishnusankar@ymail.com" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vishnusankar@ymail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br />
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">Respected sir,</span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">I regret to note some major flaws in your Agritech portal in the link:</span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_fruits_banana.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: purple;">http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_fruits_banana.html</span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the above link, some pictures are published under the heading ‘Deficiency symptoms of Banana’. These pictures are copied from NRCB website <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: purple;">http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html</span></span></a></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mistake 1: The picture shown as P deficiency is actually S deficiency as per NRCB website link: <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: purple;">http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html</span></span></a></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mistake 2: The picture shown as Mn deficiency is actually Mg deficiency as per NRCB website link: <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: purple;">http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html</span></span></a></span>.</span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mistake 3: The picture shown as S deficiency has two different pictures combined in to one picture. In actual, the upper picture shows Zn deficiency and the lower one depicts S deficiency as per NRCB <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: purple;">http://www.nrcb.res.in/soil.html</span></span></a>.</span></span></span></div>
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559182"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Please correct the mistakes immediately which might have occurred by oversight at your end. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Thanking you,<br />
Yours Sincerely,<br />
<span style="color: #c00000; font-weight: bold;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://agrowmania.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://agrowmania.blogspot.com/</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://tcbanana.blogspot.com/</a><var></var></span></span></div>
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-- <br />
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Dr. E. Vadivel<br />
Project Officer (e-Extension)<br />
e-Extension Centre<br />
Directorate of Extension Education<br />
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University<br />
Coimbatore-641 003<br />
Ph: 0422-6611383 </div>
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Fax: 0422-6611521</div>
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e-Mail: <a href="mailto:portal@tnau.ac.in" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">portal@tnau.ac.in</a></div>
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<u><i><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The mail received from NRCB: </span></b></i></u></div>
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From</div>
<span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span><br />
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Dr.K.J.Jeyabaskaran, Senior Scientist (Soil Science),</div>
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National Research centre for Banana,</div>
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Tiruchirapalli - 620 102 (Tamil Nadu)</div>
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Dear Mr. Vishnu Sankar,</div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">Please refer to your e-mail to </span><a href="mailto:directornrcb@gmail.com" id="yui_3_2_0_1_1320856111559224" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">directornrcb@gmail.com</a> <span style="color: #cc0000;">dt 7-11-2011. The photographs depicting nutrient deficiency symptoms found in our website,</span> <a href="http://www.nrcb.res.in/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.nrcb.res.in</a> <span style="color: #cc0000;">are from authentic source (from our experimental fields). They are CORRECT.</span></div>
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With regards,</div>
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Yours Sincerely,</div>
<div style="color: #cc0000;">
K.J.JEYABASKARAN<br />
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<b>Feed Back from our Beloved farmers:</b></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Dear Sir,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;">I am _______, a banana farmer from Mysore. I'd like to express my sincere thanks to you for your very informative blog on TC banana. It helped me a lot in getting an excellent yield of 55kg avg. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;">Attached some of the photos from my farm. </span></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-45120848333810617882011-11-09T14:31:00.005+05:302014-12-21T00:11:17.106+05:30Enhancing bunch size of Banana through feeding N and K through distal end of rachis:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Dear reader,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"> You are kindly requested to visit the <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: blue;">link:</span></b></a> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: blue;">"Banana Bunch Care and procedures to maximize the bunch size"</span></span></a>,</span></span> </span></b></span>which is a must read article that covers all aspects of bunch care and proven methods to increase the bunch size, before commence reading the following article. Thank you.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><u><span style="color: #660000;"><b>Maximizing banana bunch size by feeding N and K through distal end of rachis: </b></span></u></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">There is considerable increase in bunch size in ‘Robusta’ and ‘Grande naine’ banana, when feeding the following mixture through the distal end of rachis soon after fruitset. </span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Preparing the nutrient mixture:</span></i></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sulphate of potash (SOP) - 7.5gm</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Fresh cow dung - 500gm blended in 100 ml of water.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">(Cow urine can also be used instead of water. 500 gm of fresh cow dung contains substantial amounts of about 5.5gm of N, 3.5gm of K 1.6 gm of S besides other minerals and bio-chemicals).</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Method of application:</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Select bunches where the fruit set is complete and about 10 – 15 cm long rachis is available after the last hand. Avoid bunches where fruit set is incomplete or during partial deflowering time. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Remove male flower bud close to the rachis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Take the already prepared nutrient slurry in a used milk bag.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Insert the slurry filled bag into the de-navelled stalk end of the bunch and tie it with a strong string. </span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-raYCSVmlylk/TrpBQE5UkiI/AAAAAAAAARE/chXqSl6lHaQ/s1600/Bunch+care+4+.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-raYCSVmlylk/TrpBQE5UkiI/AAAAAAAAARE/chXqSl6lHaQ/s320/Bunch+care+4+.bmp" height="236" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">Benefits:</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bunch weight increased by 67% over control in which male flower bud was retained till harvest. In the field demonstrations, a response of 22 % to 28% increase in bunch weight was evident. Using ‘N-isotope label the movement of 51% of N into the bunch from AmSo<sub>4</sub> was confirmed.</span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tXrCorbIJ5o/TwchL7-Al2I/AAAAAAAAAVc/l7Qny8AJq0U/s1600/Bunch+care+8+.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tXrCorbIJ5o/TwchL7-Al2I/AAAAAAAAAVc/l7Qny8AJq0U/s320/Bunch+care+8+.bmp" height="235" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Courtasy: ICAR News, Research update, Success story, April – June 2007).</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 200%;">For elaborate details on <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: blue;">"Banana Bunch Care and procedures to maximize the bunch size"</span></span></a> click this </span><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">LINK</span></a></b>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 200%;">(Readers are requested to visit this link: <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.com/2011/09/effect-of-excessive-dose-of-mkp-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">'Effect of excessive application of chemicals on bunch'</span> </a> also before exiting this page). </span></b></span></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-78781246020341690052011-09-26T15:09:00.005+05:302014-12-24T16:08:01.696+05:30FERTILIZER TARGET CHART FOR BANANA UNDER PRECISION FARMING:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">FERTILIZER TARGET CHART FOR BANANA ADOPTING </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: large;">PRECISION FARMING TECHNOLOGY:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: red;"><b>CAUTION:</b></span> </span><span style="color: black;"><b>REQUIREMENTS GIVEN HERE ARE TARGETS ONLY, </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b>SO DO NOT APPLY THE GIVEN QUANTITY AT THE GIVEN AGE.</b></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 513px;" x:str=""><colgroup><col style="mso-width-alt: 6582; mso-width-source: userset; width: 135pt;" width="180"></col><col style="mso-width-alt: 1865; mso-width-source: userset; width: 38pt;" width="51"></col><col style="mso-width-alt: 1792; mso-width-source: userset; width: 37pt;" width="49"></col><col style="mso-width-alt: 1718; mso-width-source: userset; width: 35pt;" width="47"></col><col style="mso-width-alt: 1828; mso-width-source: userset; width: 38pt;" width="50"></col><col style="mso-width-alt: 1682; mso-width-source: userset; width: 35pt;" width="46"></col><col span="2" style="mso-width-alt: 1645; mso-width-source: userset; width: 34pt;" width="45"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="22" style="height: 16.5pt;"><td class="xl24" height="22" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 16.5pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"></td><td class="xl24" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; width: 38pt;" width="51"></td><td class="xl52" colspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; width: 110pt;" width="146"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">T A R G E T</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl24" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; width: 35pt;" width="46"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl24" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; width: 34pt;" width="45"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl24" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #ece9d8; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; width: 34pt;" width="45"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="38" style="height: 28.5pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl40" height="38" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; height: 28.5pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">GROWTH STAGE</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl30" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">Age</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl46" colspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: black 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; width: 110pt;" width="146"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">Requirement in gms/plant</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl46" colspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext 1pt solid; width: 103pt;" width="136"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">Requirement in %</span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="29" style="height: 21.75pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl39" height="29" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 21.75pt;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl41" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">N</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl41" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">P</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl41" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">K</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl41" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">N %</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl41" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">P%</span></b></div>
</td><td class="xl42" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">K%</span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl50" height="180" rowspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 135pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">EARLY ESTABLISHMENT STAGE -I</span></div>
</td><td class="xl31" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">30</span></div>
</td><td class="xl31" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">30</span></div>
</td><td class="xl31" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">30</span></div>
</td><td class="xl31" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">10</span></div>
</td><td class="xl31" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl31" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl32" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl25" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">45</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">45</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">40</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">20</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl27" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl28" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">60</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">60</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">60</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">40</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">21</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">50</span></div>
</td><td class="xl29" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">11</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl43" height="120" rowspan="2" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 90pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">ESTABLISHMENT STAGE -II</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">90</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">90</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">80</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">80</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl33" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl28" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">110</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">90</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">19</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">25</span></div>
</td><td class="xl29" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">21</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl43" height="180" rowspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 135pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">VEGETATIVE STAGE -III</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">150</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">150</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">160</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl33" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl25" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">180</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">180</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">200</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl27" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl28" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">210</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">200</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">240</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">32</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">25</span></div>
</td><td class="xl29" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">31</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl43" height="180" rowspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 135pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">SHOOTING STAGE- IV</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">240</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">230</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">270</span></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl26" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl33" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl25" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">270</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">260</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">310</span></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl25" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl27" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="60" style="height: 45pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl28" height="60" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 45pt;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">300</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">280</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">350</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">28</span></div>
</td><td class="xl28" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">0</span></div>
</td><td class="xl29" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">29</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="85" style="height: 63.75pt;"><td class="xl36" height="85" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; height: 63.75pt; width: 135pt;" width="180"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">DEVELOPMENT OF BUNCH AND HARVESTING STAGE -V</span></div>
</td><td class="xl37" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">330</span></div>
</td><td class="xl37" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">do</span></div>
</td><td class="xl37" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl37" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">380</span></div>
</td><td class="xl37" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">0</span></div>
</td><td class="xl37" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">0</span></div>
</td><td class="xl38" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: windowtext;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">8</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr height="33" style="height: 24.75pt; mso-height-source: userset;"><td class="xl34" height="33" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; height: 24.75pt;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl34" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td><td class="xl34" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">280</span></div>
</td><td class="xl34" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">120</span></div>
</td><td class="xl34" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">380</span></div>
</td><td class="xl34" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">100</span></div>
</td><td class="xl34" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">100</span></div>
</td><td class="xl35" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: windowtext 1pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-right: windowtext 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8;" x:num=""><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style;">100</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: red;"><b>CAUTION:</b></span> </span><span style="color: black;"><b>REQUIREMENTS GIVEN HERE ARE TARGETS ONLY, </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;"><b>SO DO NOT APPLY THE GIVEN QUANTITY AT THE GIVEN AGE.</b></span><br />
<div align="left">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Regards,</span></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-65227827369024085082011-09-26T13:57:00.006+05:302014-12-21T00:58:35.224+05:30Using Pseudostem injector for effective control of Fusarium wilt, Erwinia rot and Weevil attacks.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; font-size: 16pt;">A novel method for effective control of Fusarium wilt, Erwinia rot and Weevil attack in Banana plants.</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="font-size: large;">Using Pseudostem injector:</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_z_3IEZLFgg/ToA3n78BNII/AAAAAAAAAQ0/O6Tr2SOrDAg/s1600/injector+pic+1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_z_3IEZLFgg/ToA3n78BNII/AAAAAAAAAQ0/O6Tr2SOrDAg/s320/injector+pic+1.bmp" height="263px" kca="true" width="320px" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Step 1:</span></b></div>
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Prepare a solution of 700ml of water + 300ml of Monocrotophos + 20 gms of Carbendazim + 1 gm of Streptomycin with Tetracycline sulphate.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Step 2:</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Take the above solution in a Pseudostem injector. Dig the soil to expose the banana corm and inject 3 ml to 5 ml of the above solution directly into the corm.</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uSpXB39TAn4/ToA25Nzs5HI/AAAAAAAAAQw/bvbNE0z2qzY/s1600/Injector+diagram.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uSpXB39TAn4/ToA25Nzs5HI/AAAAAAAAAQw/bvbNE0z2qzY/s320/Injector+diagram.bmp" height="320px" kca="true" width="316px" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eiqJ0on7OSo/ToA4OVB4uJI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/g2xRphKLjHE/s1600/injector+2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eiqJ0on7OSo/ToA4OVB4uJI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/g2xRphKLjHE/s320/injector+2.bmp" height="171px" kca="true" width="320px" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Step 3:</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Inject an additional dose of 3ml to 5 ml of the prepared solution to the Pseudostem 2 feet above ground level in a 45 degree slanting angle. </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">In severely affected plantations administering a second dose of the above solution is necessary within 15 days for an effective control.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Usage of 'Pseudostem injector' is recommended for above 3 months old banana plants only.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Avoid inserting the needle beyond 2” as it will harm the main stem.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Fusarium wilt (<country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Panama</place></country-region> wilt), a fungal disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a major disease prevalent in banana growing belts. This fungal disease can be effectively prevented by this solution since it contains Carbendazim - a wide spectrum systemic fungicide (2% concentration) which is administered directly into the affected parts. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Erwinia soft rot (Head rot, snapoff, tipover) and Moko bacterial wilt are some bacterial attacks normally affecting tissue culture banana plants. These bacterial attacks are also prevented by the above solution because of the antibiotic ingredient Streptomycin and Tetracycline sulphate in it.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Rhizome weevil and Pseudostem borer are some of the major pests affecting banana plantations. By injecting the above solution containing Monocrotophos, a systemic insecticide the weevils and the borers will be killed. The adult weevil feed on Pseudostem and the young larvae on the rhizome so injection in both the plant parts is recommended.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';">Click this link: <b><a href="http://www.tcbanana.blogspot.com/2012/01/fungal-disease-foliar-panama-wilt.html" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;" target="_blank">Panama or Fusarium Wilt,</a> </b>to know more about this<b> </b>fungal disease. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"> </span> </div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style';"><span style="color: blue;">A.Vishnusankar</span></span></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-6457721436916082612011-09-11T08:08:00.002+05:302014-12-24T17:28:13.532+05:30Fertilizer burn - Effect of excessive use of chemical fertilizers, <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>What is fertilizer burn?</b></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The chemical fertilizers that we use for farming are hygroscopic in nature. When a farmer applies excess chemical nutrients and fails to water the plants sufficiently, the applied chemicals because of their “thirsty” nature starts absorb water particles not only from the soil but also from the plant roots. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This withdrawal of water from the plant tissues (dehydration) will cause ‘drying out’ of tender parts like roots and foliage. This injury will be visible very soon after the application of fertilizers like browning of part or all of the foliage. In some cases, severe injury will cause death of the entire plant. Since the symptoms in the leaf look like 'thermal radiation burn out' this is called “Fertilizer burn’. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /><b><span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;"><span style="color: #660000;">Remember: “Over fertilizing is just as bad as under fertilizing”.</span></span></b><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fertilizers are normally soluble but some are highly soluble. The higher the solubility of a chemical fertilizer then higher the chances of “burn” if not used properly. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />In most of the ‘burn out’ cases, it was found to be the application of excess nitrogen beyond the needs of the plant that caused the plant burn. <br /><br /><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b>A case history:</b></span></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TSw1xgc0eBg/VJqm82zHC7I/AAAAAAAABfo/kHaG_jpBAbI/s1600/Fertilizer%2Bburn%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TSw1xgc0eBg/VJqm82zHC7I/AAAAAAAABfo/kHaG_jpBAbI/s1600/Fertilizer%2Bburn%2B1.jpg" height="226" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-roDResvGB64/VJqnLR7t5TI/AAAAAAAABf4/fbROqhlrciE/s1600/Fertilizer%2Bburn%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-roDResvGB64/VJqnLR7t5TI/AAAAAAAABf4/fbROqhlrciE/s1600/Fertilizer%2Bburn%2B2.jpg" height="221" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fertilizer burn may occur to plants that are provided with drip / fertigation system also. </span></b></span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Continuous fertigation, less water and hot climatic condition may cause ‘burn’ as happened to a Banana farmer who had applied 200gm of Single Super Phosphate and 100gm of Di Ammonium Phosphate as basal fertizers and after a week started to give daily dose of 1gm each of Ammonium Sulphate, Urea, Calcium nitrate, Potash and water soluble 19:19:19 (Total 6gm per Banana plant). The inevitable ‘burn’ happened one hot noon and the farmer was advised to stop fertigation and asked to irrigate the plant copiously. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pictures taken on 01/09/2011 at his field (Uthamapalayam, Theni District, Tamilnadu) are published here above.</span></div>
<br /><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Remedy:</b></span></u></span></span><br /><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Irrigate copiously to leach (wash out) the excess chemicals from the soil.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span></b></span></div>
Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-27378618598856021092011-09-09T01:02:00.007+05:302014-12-31T22:21:09.943+05:30Effect of excessive dose of MKP and Urea when used them for banana bunch development<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Dear reader,<br />
You are kindly requested to visit the <a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: blue;">link:</span></b></a> </span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: blue;">"Banana Bunch Care and procedures to maximize the bunch size"</span></span></a></span>,</span> </span></b></span></span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">which
is a must read article that covers all aspects of bunch care and proven
methods to increase the bunch size, before commence reading the
following article. Thank you.</span> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A case of excessive dose of MKP and Urea when used them for banana bunch development and its detrimental effect:</span></i></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The
two pictures shown here under were taken at a field where the farmer
was asked to spray 0.5% MKP (Mono potassium phophate) + 1% Urea on
bunches for bunch development. This wrong selection and overdose of
chemicals has resulted in total spoilage of the bunch due to
abnormal elongation of fingers (11 to 12 inches) and very thin
fingers with no scope for further development. (See the lesions in the
peduncle). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To avoid damage to the developing Banana bunch learn to use fertilizers judiciously. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: #0c343d;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">At the banana bunch development stage the
following fertilizers are normally recommended to enhance the size of fruits /
bunch:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Option 1:</b></span> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application of 2% (20gm / 1litre) Potassium sulphate
(0:0:50) as foliar spray on bunches, two times with 15 days interval. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(OR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Option 2:</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application of 1% (10gm / 1litre) Potassium
nitrate (13:0:45) as foliar spray on bunches, two times with 15 days
interval.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(OR)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Option 3 (Considered as best since it addresses all nutritional deficiencies): </span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application of 0.5% (5gm / 1litre) Potassium
nitrate (13:0:45) + 0.5% (5gm / 1litre) of foliar grade Micro nutrient
mixture as foliar spray on bunches as first spray followed by a second
application of 2% (20gm / 1litre) of Potassium sulphate (0:0:50) + Biozyme 2ml
/ 1litre after 15 days. Repeat the second one again as III application after 15 days interval<b>.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Important Note 1:</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In all the above applications you can also add 0.2%
Bavistin (Fungicide) for prophylactic control of fungal infections. Use wetting agents also. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Important Note 2:</span></b></span></span><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: #660000;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nowadays farmers
are going for a minimum of four applications within a period of 60 days (4
sprays with 15 days interval between each spray) and are getting very good
results. </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt;">Precautions:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Care should
be taken to spray the above fertilizers only after all the hands are
fully opened and after sufficient extension of male flower bud in the
rachis. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Do not apply
any fertilizers or pesticides 15 days before harvest since there is a
possibility of the unabsorbed chemical residues entering human food chain.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Application
of excess dosage of fertilizers, Enzymatic and synthetic Growth promoters
and plant protection chemicals on bunches are to be strictly avoided. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><i><u>Good quality bunches that were sprayed with SOP, Multi K, foliar grade M.N and Biozyme solution.</u></i></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aBSL8G2M43A/TmkgQ7WcINI/AAAAAAAABfc/Q0lEN5HGdb0/s1600/bunch%2Bspray%2Beffect.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aBSL8G2M43A/TmkgQ7WcINI/AAAAAAAABfc/Q0lEN5HGdb0/s1600/bunch%2Bspray%2Beffect.bmp" height="243" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Please visit the following links also:</span></b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.in/2014/12/banana-bunch-care-bunch-development.html" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span style="color: blue;">"Banana Bunch Care and procedures to maximize the bunch size"</span></span></a></span>,</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> <span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><a href="http://tcbanana.blogspot.com/2011/11/enhancing-bunch-size-of-banana-through.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">'Banana bunch care as recommended by ICAR'.</span></a></span></span></b></span></span></li>
</ul>
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<tr style="height: 19.3pt;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(236, 233, 216); height: 19.3pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regards, </span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">A.Vishnu Sankar</span></b></span><br />
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5558927117846623829.post-52317710305294782732011-09-07T21:44:00.002+05:302014-12-24T23:21:18.818+05:30Effect of excessive dose of Hexaconazole fungicide (Contaf) on Banana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Effect of excessive dose of Hexaconazole fungicide (Contaf) on Banana:</b></span></span></div>
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<br /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Hexaconazole is a systemic, broad-spectrum fungicide mainly used on banana. It is widely used to control rhizome rot, corm dry rot and root rot in banana and the application rate is 1ml to 1.5ml per plant for rootzone drenching. Application of the above fungicide @1ml in 200 ml of water for drenching around the plant is enough for a month old plant, 1.25 ml in 500 ml for 2 months old and 1.5 ml in1litre for plants above 3 months.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Here in the two pictures published here below, the injury caused to the the outer layers of the pseudo stem and the leaves is because of the root-zone application of Hexaconazole @ 6ml / 1litre for 3 month old plants by the farmer by mistake. Banana plants collapsed fully in places where he applied 2 litre of the above solution.</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qgU6ks69xEc/TmeKr1BtI-I/AAAAAAAABi0/O8wKJZyHB2I/s1600/Contaf1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qgU6ks69xEc/TmeKr1BtI-I/AAAAAAAABi0/O8wKJZyHB2I/s1600/Contaf1.bmp" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yCPIg05SsdA/TmeK3MKSt4I/AAAAAAAABjA/JHMg-N0bslc/s1600/Contaf%2B2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yCPIg05SsdA/TmeK3MKSt4I/AAAAAAAABjA/JHMg-N0bslc/s1600/Contaf%2B2.bmp" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tissue Culture Banana Cultivation Technologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860328735892040140noreply@blogger.com0